Tablet manufacturing involves compression of granules into solid dosage forms.

BCS divides drugs based on solubility and intestinal permeability.

Cocoa butter melts just below body temperature (34–36°C), suitable for suppositories.

Dopamine depletion in substantia nigra causes Parkinson’s symptoms.

They inhibit ACE enzyme, preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used as anxiolytic and muscle relaxant.

Keller-Killiani test is specific for cardiac glycosides.

Clove consists of dried flower buds of *Syzygium aromaticum*.

Atropine is obtained from Atropa belladonna leaves and roots.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.

Urea cycle occurs partly in mitochondria and partly in cytoplasm.

Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layer retaining crystal violet.

Ziehl–Neelsen staining is specific for acid-fast bacilli like *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*.

Sabouraud’s agar with low pH is selective for fungal growth.

Penicillin contains a beta-lactam ring structure.

Chloramphenicol’s major adverse effect is aplastic anemia.

Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist.

TLC is used for separation and identification of compounds.

LOD is a test to determine moisture/volatile content in drug substances.

pH meters are potentiometric instruments using glass electrodes.

Unit dose dispensing improves safety and patient compliance.

Formulary is an approved drug list for hospital use.

Unit dose system reduces nursing time and errors compared to bulk dispensing.

Intravenous is a parenteral route since it bypasses the GI tract.

Bioavailability is assessed using pharmacokinetic studies.

Bioequivalence compares pharmacokinetic profiles of generic and reference products.

Monitoring drugs with narrow therapeutic range ensures safety and efficacy.

Amoxicillin is a prescription-only drug under Schedule H.

Schedule T specifies requirements of Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani drugs.

Schedule X controls narcotic and psychotropic drugs requiring strict record keeping.

HEPA filters remove 99.97% of 0.3 μm particles in clean rooms.

Fick’s law explains drug diffusion across membranes.

Ball mill is a mechanical device for particle size reduction.

Fluid energy mill micronizes powders by combined impact and attrition.

Convenience sampling is non-probabilistic as it relies on easy access.

Mean is highly affected by extreme values in the dataset.

Chi-square is a non-parametric test for association between categorical variables.

Vitamin C deficiency impairs collagen synthesis leading to scurvy.

Vitamin A deficiency causes impaired vision in dim light.