Morphine is a strong opioid analgesic that acts on central opioid receptors to relieve severe pain.

Intramuscular injection allows direct entry into the bloodstream, giving faster bioavailability than oral or rectal routes.

Garlic contains allicin, which exhibits strong antimicrobial activity.

Atenolol is a beta-1 selective adrenergic receptor blocker used to manage hypertension and angina.

Normal blood pH is tightly regulated around 7.35–7.45, with 7.4 as the standard reference.

Vitamin D is fat-soluble and stored in the liver and adipose tissue.

Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors to prevent thrombosis.

Extended-release formulations release the drug gradually over time.

Morphine is a naturally occurring alkaloid from Papaver somniferum.

Amoxicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Omeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor that reduces gastric acid secretion.

Sodium bicarbonate is commonly used as a buffer to maintain pH in formulations.

Ginseng contains ginsenosides that exhibit adaptogenic and energy-enhancing properties.

Epinephrine rapidly counteracts severe allergic reactions by stimulating alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.

Regular insulin (short-acting) has a rapid onset compared to long-acting forms.

Micronization reduces particle size to enhance dissolution and solubility.

Theophylline relaxes bronchial smooth muscles and is used in asthma treatment.

Furosemide is a loop diuretic that inhibits Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ symporter in the loop of Henle.

Povidone acts as a binder to improve tablet cohesion.

Acetylsalicylic acid is the active ingredient responsible for analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Diphenhydramine blocks H1 histamine receptors to relieve allergic symptoms.

Ginkgo biloba improves cerebral blood flow and cognitive function.

Omeprazole inhibits H⁺/K⁺ ATPase in gastric parietal cells to reduce acid secretion.

Filtration using membrane filters removes microorganisms without heat exposure.

Quinine is an alkaloid obtained from Cinchona species used to treat malaria.

Celecoxib selectively inhibits COX-2, reducing inflammation with fewer GI side effects.

Enteric-coated tablets resist gastric acid and release drug in the intestine.

Parabens prevent microbial growth and increase shelf-life of liquids.

Propylthiouracil inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and is used in hyperthyroidism.

Atropine is a tropane alkaloid from Atropa belladonna used as an anticholinergic.

Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.

Solid dispersion enhances dissolution of poorly soluble drugs by dispersing them in a carrier.

Ondansetron blocks 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone to prevent nausea.

Vitamin C dissolves in water and is excreted in urine if in excess.

Digoxin increases cardiac contractility and is used in heart failure.

Acetylcysteine breaks disulfide bonds in mucus, reducing viscosity.

Drying reduces moisture content to improve stability and shelf-life.

Atenolol lowers blood pressure by blocking beta-1 adrenergic receptors.

Curcumin in turmeric exhibits anti-inflammatory effects.

Furosemide inhibits Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ symporter in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.