Quinine is a natural alkaloid obtained from Cinchona bark and is used in the treatment of malaria.

Ethylene oxide is used for sterilizing heat-sensitive materials as it penetrates packaging and kills microbes effectively.

Glycogen is the main storage form of glucose in animals, stored primarily in the liver and muscles.

Suppositories are solid dosage forms meant for rectal, vaginal, or urethral administration.

The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism, involving Phase I and Phase II enzymatic processes.

Schedule H lists drugs that must be sold by retail only on prescription of a registered medical practitioner.

Vitamin A deficiency causes nyctalopia (night blindness) due to its role in the formation of rhodopsin in the retina.

Sieve analysis is commonly used for determining particle size distribution in powders.

Omeprazole irreversibly inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase proton pump in the stomach lining to reduce acid secretion.

Sphygmomanometer is used to measure arterial blood pressure with a cuff and mercury or aneroid manometer.

Acacia (gum arabic) is a natural polymer used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in suspensions.

Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

Transdermal patches provide controlled systemic drug delivery through the skin.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly MRSA.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs.

Mercury is used in dental amalgams combined with silver and other metals for fillings.

Freeze drying (lyophilization) preserves plasma by removing water under vacuum.

Lactase deficiency leads to inability to digest lactose, causing bloating and diarrhea.

Curie is the unit of radioactivity, representing disintegrations per second.

IgG constitutes about 75% of total immunoglobulins in the blood and provides long-term immunity.

Castor oil is mainly composed of ricinoleic acid, which has laxative properties.

Filtration through membrane filters is used as ophthalmic solutions are heat-sensitive.

Vitamin B12 is also called cyanocobalamin and is essential for RBC formation and neurological function.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

Hemocytometer is a specialized glass slide used to manually count cells under a microscope.

Reserpine is an indole alkaloid used as an antihypertensive and antipsychotic drug.

Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors and is used as an antidote in organophosphate poisoning.

Capillary method is a standard technique for determining melting point of organic compounds.

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, increasing blood glucose levels.

Treponema pallidum, a spirochete, causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection.

Refractometer measures the refractive index of liquids and solutions.

Vaccination stimulates the body’s own immune system to produce antibodies, providing active artificial immunity.

Warfarin inhibits vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, preventing thrombosis.

Magnesium hydroxide neutralizes stomach acid, providing relief from indigestion and heartburn.

Benedict’s test is a qualitative test for reducing sugars, producing a red precipitate of cuprous oxide.

Calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) is the main storage form of vitamin D in blood.

A chromatography column is used to separate mixtures based on differential adsorption.

Insulin is administered subcutaneously because it is degraded by digestive enzymes if taken orally.

Plasmodium species such as P. falciparum and P. vivax cause malaria in humans.

O negative lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, making it the universal donor for blood transfusions.