Enteric coating prevents dissolution in stomach and allows drug release in intestine.

Sublingual drugs bypass liver metabolism and enter systemic circulation directly.

Aerosols are packaged in pressurized containers with propellants.

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 in platelets, preventing aggregation.

Salbutamol is a selective β2 agonist used in asthma.

Furosemide acts on the loop of Henle to inhibit Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter.

Morphine is derived from latex of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy).

Dragendorff’s reagent gives orange precipitate with alkaloids.

Digitalis leaves contain cardiac glycosides like digoxin.

Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes.

Glycogen is the main storage polysaccharide in liver and muscle.

Normal fasting plasma glucose is between 70–110 mg/dl.

Koch’s postulates demonstrate the relationship between microbes and disease.

Clostridium tetani produces neurotoxin causing spastic paralysis.

Moist heat sterilization in autoclave is done at 121°C for 15–20 min.

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic with 14-member lactone ring.

Calcium disodium EDTA is antidote for lead poisoning.

Paracetamol undergoes conjugation metabolism in the liver.

Karl Fischer titration specifically determines water content.

UV spectroscopy measures drug absorbance for quantitative estimation.

Rf depends on polarity, stationary phase, and solvent system.

CSSD handles sterilization of instruments and supplies.

Chief pharmacist supervises hospital pharmacy activities.

Narcotic register is mandatory for controlled substances.

Intravenous administration provides immediate systemic effect.

Therapeutic index = LD50/ED50; higher values indicate safer drugs.

Tmax is the time taken to reach maximum plasma concentration, reflecting absorption rate.

Schedule F specifies blood bank standards under Drugs and Cosmetics Rules.

Schedule M prescribes GMP requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturing.

State Drug Controller issues licenses for manufacturing and sale of drugs.

Tray dryers circulate hot air for drying wet granules.

Membrane filtration sterilizes solutions that are heat sensitive.

Sieving separates particles according to size.

Mode represents the most frequently occurring observation.

Standard deviation shows the spread of values from the mean.

Simple random sampling is a probability sampling method.

Vitamin D deficiency causes defective bone mineralization leading to rickets.

Thiamine deficiency produces peripheral neuropathy and cardiac failure.

Folate deficiency results in impaired DNA synthesis leading to megaloblastic anemia.