Vitamin C is essential for hydroxylation of proline and lysine during collagen synthesis.

A sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure using an inflatable cuff and gauge.

Isoniazid is a first-line anti-tubercular drug that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries in the nephron that filters blood to form urine.

Lozenges are designed to dissolve slowly in the buccal cavity for local or systemic effect.

Benzalkonium chloride is a common antimicrobial preservative used in eye drops.

Thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland, controls the body’s basal metabolic rate.

Heparin prevents clotting by activating antithrombin III.

Human blood maintains a slightly alkaline pH range of 7.35–7.45.

Insulin is given subcutaneously to allow gradual absorption into the bloodstream.

Enteric-coated aspirin is designed to resist stomach acid and dissolve in the intestine.

Isosorbide dinitrate dilates blood vessels to reduce chest pain in angina.

N-acetylcysteine restores glutathione levels and protects the liver in paracetamol toxicity.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, alcohol, or toxins.

Filtration removes microorganisms without heat damage to sensitive liquids.

Iron is a vital component of hemoglobin for oxygen transport in the blood.

Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin.

Amoxicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group.

The liver metabolizes most drugs via enzymatic biotransformation.

Vitamin D deficiency leads to defective bone mineralization, causing rickets in children.

Molarity measures the concentration of solute in moles per liter of solution.

Lisinopril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, lowering blood pressure.

BCG contains live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis for tuberculosis prevention.

Benedict’s test detects reducing sugars like glucose by a color change.

The dermis houses blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

Normal saline is commonly used for intravenous fluid replacement.

Schedule X drugs include narcotics requiring special prescription control.

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

Mass spectrometry identifies compounds by their mass-to-charge ratios.

Codeine is an opioid cough suppressant used for non-productive cough.

Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.

Clotrimazole is used to treat fungal skin infections like ringworm.

The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and aids fat digestion.

A volumetric flask is designed for precise volume measurements.

Mannitol increases osmotic pressure in renal tubules, reducing water reabsorption.

Fluconazole crosses the blood-brain barrier and treats fungal infections in the CNS.

Vaccination stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies, giving artificial active immunity.

Clopidogrel inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking ADP receptors.

Levothyroxine replaces deficient thyroid hormone in hypothyroidism.