Transdermal patches deliver drugs over a prolonged period, hence sustained release.

Soft gelatin capsules are used for oils and liquid drugs.

Enteric coating prevents drug degradation in stomach acid.

Dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia is the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease.

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by blocking conversion of angiotensin I to II.

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic.

Digitalis purpurea leaves contain Digoxin.

Quinine from Cinchona bark is an antimalarial drug.

The root of Rauwolfia contains reserpine, an antihypertensive alkaloid.

Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, from salicylate class.

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antimicrobial.

Sulfadiazine belongs to sulfonamide antibiotics.

Normal saline is isotonic with plasma.

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant used in transplant patients.

Warfarin patients are maintained at INR 2–3 for anticoagulation.

Amylase catalyzes hydrolysis of starch into maltose.

Vitamin B6 is Pyridoxine, essential for amino acid metabolism.

Urea cycle is carried out in the liver to detoxify ammonia.

Crystal violet is the primary stain for Gram-positive bacteria.

Koch’s postulates prove a microorganism causes a particular disease.

Penicillin is produced by Penicillium notatum mold.

Schedule H includes prescription-only drugs including life-saving drugs.

Pharmacy Act was enacted in 1948 to regulate pharmacy education and practice.

Section 17 defines drug adulteration.

Chloride is detected using silver nitrate.

Chromatography is based on partition between stationary and mobile phase.

Vitamin C is assayed using redox titration with iodine.

Freeze drying (lyophilization) is used for heat-sensitive drugs.

Fluid energy mill reduces size by high velocity impact.

Coating pan is commonly used for tablet coating.

Disintegration test ensures tablets break down within specified time.

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker.

Guaifenesin is used to promote sputum expulsion.

Atropa belladonna leaves and roots contain Atropine.

Vitamin D deficiency leads to defective bone mineralization causing rickets.

Mycobacterium grows on Lowenstein-Jensen medium.

Manufacturing spurious drugs can attract life imprisonment.

Karl Fischer titration is a standard method for water determination.

Autoclave uses steam under pressure for sterilization.

Diethylene glycol is a toxic impurity in glycerin and must be tested before pharmaceutical use.