Sublingual administration bypasses the liver, avoiding first-pass metabolism.

Streptomycin is listed under Schedule G drugs requiring medical supervision.

Allopurinol inhibits xanthine oxidase, reducing uric acid synthesis.

Datura species contain atropine, a tropane alkaloid.

Sulfonamides inhibit bacterial folate synthesis by competing with PABA.

Oral liquid formulations are preferred for infants due to ease of administration.

Biotin acts as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions like pyruvate to oxaloacetate.

Benzalkonium chloride is a common preservative in ophthalmic solutions.

Polyethylene is synthetic, while the others are natural polymers.

Atropine antagonizes muscarinic effects of acetylcholine in organophosphate poisoning.

Digitalis leaves contain cardiac glycosides like digoxin.

Filtration removes microbes without heating, suitable for heat-labile drugs.

Soft gelatin capsules can contain oils and liquids due to their sealed structure.

Normal blood pH is tightly maintained around 7.35–7.45.

Ceftriaxone is a cephalosporin, belonging to the β-lactam antibiotic class.

Ispaghula husk (psyllium) is a bulk-forming laxative.

Bile salts emulsify fats, aiding lipase action in digestion.

Sodium citrate chelates calcium and prevents coagulation in stored blood.

Codeine is a prodrug converted to morphine in the liver.

Microbiology

Iodine is a critical element required for thyroxine and triiodothyronine synthesis.

A sphygmomanometer measures arterial blood pressure.

Reserpine from Rauwolfia is used as an antihypertensive and tranquilizer.

Linezolid is in Schedule H1, requiring strict prescription control.

Rifampicin is a first-line anti-tubercular drug.

Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol biosynthesis.

Vitamin E is called the anti-sterility vitamin due to its role in reproduction.

Autoclave sterilizes media using pressurized steam.

IgG constitutes the majority of antibodies in plasma, providing long-term immunity.

Streptokinase is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve clots.

Protamine sulfate neutralizes heparin’s anticoagulant action.

Fehling’s test is specific for detecting reducing sugars.

Insulin is secreted by β-cells of the pancreas.

Omeprazole inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in gastric parietal cells.

Aloe vera gel is used as a laxative and in skin preparations.

Size exclusion chromatography separates molecules based on size.

Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) is isotonic with blood plasma.

Vitamin C deficiency impairs collagen synthesis, leading to scurvy.

G2 phase is the most radiosensitive stage of the cell cycle.

Atropa belladonna contains atropine, a tropane alkaloid, which acts as an anticholinergic agent and is used to treat bradycardia and as a pre-anesthetic.